#10 - Unit 25 Direct and Indirect Speech

These kinds of sentences are used when someone need report with another person has said in the past.

Direct Speech - uses quotations to repeat exactly what someone said.

For exemplo: Lula said, "Dilma was my worst mistake"

Indirect Speech - Lula said that Dilma had been his worst mistake.

To change from DS to IS it is nECESSARY TO change verb tense and another key words.

Verbs from:
 simple presente to simple past
simple past to past perfect
present perfect to past perfect
past perfect does not change

Subject to Pronoun

Change time words (important to verify to rewrite in correct time), for exemplo
DS - CHANGE "TODAY" to that day (when the speech occured), etc.

Modals
will to would
can to could
may to might
must to had to

And words that meaning (not clear) a unnamed place:
here / this change to there / that

# 9 - Unit 24 Past Unreal Conditionals

This sentences are used to talk about past unreal conditionals and unreal results.

UNREAL PAST

Format: if clause (simple past) + result clause (modal: would, could ou might + verb base form)

For exemplo: If I had woken up earlier today, I could go runNING on the beach.

The idea is that I didn´t wake up earlier, so, I didn`t go run

# 8 - Unit 23 Present and Future Unreal Conditionals

This sentences are used to describe unreal results that could occur under unreal situations.

Format: if clause (simple past) + result clause (modal: would, could ou might + verb base form)

For exemplo: If I had woken up earlier today, I could go run on the beach.
                     
                         I dind't wake up early , .......

The idea is that I didn´t wake up earlier, so, I didn`t go run

YOU ARE DESCRIBING THE SAME SITUATION OF THE UNREAL PAST

THE UNREAL PRESENT:  IF I WOKE UP EARLY , I WOULD GO RUNNING ON THE BEACH

                                                      I don't wake up early.....

# 7 - Unit 22 Future Real Conditionals

This kind of sentences are used to talk about things that will happen if certain conditions IN THE PRESENT  occurs.

Formed by a "If clause" and a "result clause".

For exemplo: "I will go to Praia do Forte if it does not rain next sunday"

Or, "If it does not rain next sunday, I will go to Praia do Forte with my family"

If clause in simple presente and result clause in future.

Direct and Indirect Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech and appears within quotation marks ("...") and shoud be REPEATED  word BY word.

Indirect speech or reported speech, doesn't use quotation marks and it doesn't have to be word BY word.

As a rule when you report something someone has said, the tense usually changes.

She said, " I'm tired ".
She said that she was tired.

Past Unreal Conditionals

If I had seen more TV series, I would have learned english better.

The past unreal conditionals is used to talk about imaginary (UNREAL) situations in the past.

We use If ... past perfect, ...would have + past participle.

Present and Future Unreal Conditionals

If I had more time, I would like to learn french and italian.

Present  unreal conditionals, is used to talk about UNREAL  situations in the future ( PRESENT).

Use simple past in the if clause and would, might or could + base form of the verb in the result clause.

Future Real Conditionals

If I drink less coffee, I will heal MY gastritis.

The future real conditionals describes something that might happen in the future with a condition.
It often uses "if".

Use the simple present in the if clause and the future with will or be going to in the result clause. 

Present Real Conditionals

If I'm hungry, I GET ANGRY  loose   (the mood)


The present real conditionals is used to talk about what you normaly do in real life situations.
We use the simple present in the if clause and in the result clause.

Passive Causative Verbs

I have my car washed by my husband every week.

Subject + have + Object + past participle

We use this structure to talk about having something done by another person/thing, specially a service of some type.

Passive Voice

This exercise  will have been completed before the deadline.
                                    BE ( it's not necessary to use the future perfect in this sentence)

Subject + to be + past participle

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, who or what is performing the action.

Advisability in the past

I should have lived in England for  AT least six months to learn english better.

I didn't live in England and now I don't know english very well as I would like.

We use past modals should have to say that a different action was recommended in the past.
                                                                             YOU REGRET!

Modals

You should brush your teeth at least three times a day.

The modal should give more emphasis to the verb. In this case an advice.

1.0. Speculations and Conclusions About the Past (Unit - 17)

1.1. Examples- The Continental factory May not have Sold many Tires.

1.2. Explanations - Use Must have and had to have when you are almost Certain about your conclusions.

2.0. The passive : Overview (Unit - 18)

2.1. Examples - The Continental Factory was opened in June 2006.

2.2. Explanations - I Don´t know who opened it.

2.3. Explanations - When the agent (the person or thing doing the action) is unknown or not important.


3.0. The passive with modals and similar expressions (Unit - 19)

3.1. Examples- The new machine will be installed in 2 years  OR the new machine is going to be installed in 2 years.

3.2. Explanations - Use Will or be going to with the passive to talk about the future.


4.0. The passive causative (Unit - 20)

4.1. Examples- I have my hair cut by Antônio every Month.

4.2. Explanations - Form the passive causative with the appropriate form of have or Get + Object + Past Participle.  Have and Get have the same meaning.

4.3. Examples- This week my wife is getting her hair done by a famous stylist.

4.4. Explanations - Use by when it is necessary to mention the agent (the person doing the service).


5.0. Present real conditionals (Unit - 21)

5.1. Examples-  IF It´s a gold bracelet, this jewel is expensive.

5.2. Explanations - Use present real conditional sentences for general Truths.

5.3. Explanations - The if clause talks about the condition, and the result clause talks about what happens if the conditions occurs.

6.0. Future real conditionals (Unit - 22)

6.1. Examples-  If I have time during the week, I´ll  help my children with their homework.

6.2. Explanations - Use future real conditional sentences to talk about what will happen under certain conditions. The if clause gives the condition. The result clause gives the probable or certain result.

7.0. Adjetive Clauses with subject relative pronouns (Unit - 13)

7.1. Examples-  My favorite relative who lives in Atlanta calls me often.

7.2. Explanations - The adjetive clause is necessary to identify the relative. Use an identifying clause to identify which member of a group the sentence talks about. Do not use commas with this kind of adjective clause(adj clause non identifying).


8.0. Adjetive Clauses with object relative pronouns (Unit - 14)

8.1. Examples -  I read a book  which he wrote.

8.2. Explanations - Use wich or that to refer to things, you can leave out the realative pronoun. When if is not the subject.


9.0. Modals and similar expressions  (Unit - 15)

9.1. Examples -  You´d Better stop eating so much sweet or your body an heath will suffer.

9.2. Explanations - Use had better for urgent advice, when you believe that something bad will happen if the person does not follow the advice.

10.0. Advisability in the past (Unit - 16)

10.1. Examples -  I shouldn´t have missed the english exame. (Express Regreat)

10.2. Explanations - should not have and ought not have are the only forms used in negative statements about advisability in the past. Should not have is more common.

Adjective Clauses with Object Relative Pronouns or When and Where

Bahia is the city where I chose to live.

The pronoun relative where is the object of the adjective clause.

In this sentence where is giving more information about Bahia that had been mentioned before.

      IN FACT IT IS SUBBING FOR BAHIA

# 6 - Unit 21 Present Real Conditionals

Use Present real conditional for general truth or habits. It´s possible to use modals.

Overall there are two clauses, one beginning with "if" or "when", and another that try explain whats happen IF something occurs.

"When I am driving, normally, I listen musics or news on radio."

# 5 Unit 20 Passive Causative

When the subject receives the action, it's made by another (agent) in the past

I had my hair cut (in the past) in the barbershop, he offered a fashion haircut but it´s too short for me.

EXPRESS AN IDEA OF HAVING SOMEONE DOING SOMETHING FOR YOU

SUBJECT +HAVE+OBJECT+ V PP

# 4 - Unit 16 Advisability in the Past

Advisability is the quality of being advisable or sensible; wisdom.

I should have made this blog last month, It could be easier at that time.


REDO IT!

# 3 - Unit 15 Modals ans Similar Expressions

Modals are auxiliary verbs that could express social functions ou logical possibilities.

Afirmative
100% certain to 0% certain
must - have (or got) to - may - might, could

Negative
can´t, couldn´t - must not - may not - might not

I could buy that car but I have no( DON'T HAVE ) money enough

#2 - Unit 14 Adjective Clauses with Object Relative Pronouns or when and where

Milan Kundera is a writer whose books I like a lot, especially UNBEARABLE LIGHTNESS OF BEING.

Two clause conected by relatives pronouns: ex. who, whom, whose, which, that, when and where.

MAKE IT BETTER!