10°) Passive voice with modals (unit 19): "There's nothing you can make, That can't be made" (The Beatles - All you need is love)

This sentence it's an example of passive voice with modals. After the modal the passive is formed with be + past participle of the verb. In this example, can't with the passive to express future possibility or impossibility (in this case, impossibility).

9°) Adjective clause: "Ronaldo, who joined Real from Manchester United in 2009 for £80m, said he had reached an "unbelievable" level on the pitch over the "last eight years" and wants to continue playing for another five or six seasons." (segment of interview of BBC with Cristiano Ronaldo, after he realese his film).

This sentence it's an example of adjective clause. In this example, "who" refer to people (in this case, Cristiano Ronaldo). This adjective clause is called nonidentifying or nonrestrictive, because give an additional information about the noun it refers to. The information is not necessary to identify the noun. And, in writing, a nonidentifying adjective clause is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas.

8º) Conclusions about the past (unit 17): "I must've called a thousand times to tell you i'm sorry, for everything that I've done" (Adele - Hello)

This sentence it's an example of a conclusion about the past. Is formed by subject + modal (in this case, must) + have + past participle of the verb. Use "must have" when you are almost certain about your conclusions.

7º) Modals: "You should go and love yourself" (Justin Bieber - love yourself)

This sentence it's an example of modals. The modal "should" express social functions such as giving advice. In this case, one person give an advice for other to go and love yourself. Probably, they had any relationship.

6º) Passive voice: "When the boy was born, like all spartans, he was inspected." (segment of the film "300")

This sentence it's an example of passive voice because the focus is on the object (the person receiving the action). The passive is formed with a form of be (was, in this example) + past participle of the verb.

5°) Indirect speech: "In an interview with BBC ahead of the realese of his film on monday, Ronaldo said he had reached a level from where it is "not easy to improve" (segment of interview of BBC with Cristiano Ronaldo, after he realese his film).

This sentence it's an example of indirect speech (reported speech) because report what a speaker said without using the exact words. It's formed by the subject + said (that) + what be said.


Direct speech: "He said: "I don't need to say 'I'm in the history of football, I'm a legend'. The numbers say everything."" (segment of interview of BBC with Cristiano Ronaldo, after he realese his film).

This sentence it's an example of direct speech (quoted speech) because states the exact words that the speaker used. It's formed by quotation marks before the speech (he said).

4°) Third conditional: "If I hadn't forgotten my phone, I wouldnt have been on the roda a that time" (segment of the series "once upon a time")

This sentence it's an example of third conditional because use the the past perfect in the "if clause" and use would have + past participle. This conditional talk about past unreal conditions and their imagined or impossible results. In this example the "if clause" gives the unreal condition and the "result clause" gives the unreal result of that condition. 

3°) Second conditional: "If I was your boyfriend, I'd never let you go" (Justin Bieber - Boyfriend)

This sentence it's an example of second conditional because use the simple past in the "if clause" and use would + base form of the verb in the "result clause". This conditional talk about unreal conditions and their results. In this example the "if clause" gives the unreal condition and the "result clause" gives the unreal result of that condition. 

2°) First conditional: "I won't give up on us even if the skies get rough" (Jason Mraz - I won't give up)

This sentence it's an example of first conditional because use the simple present in the "if clause" and use the future with will in the "result clause". This conditional talk about what will happen under certain condition. In this example the "result clause" gives the probable result and the "if clause" gives the condition. Don't use comma because the "result clause" comes first.

1°) Zero conditional: "If Marley wants to exercise, walk or run with him twice a day" (segment of the film "Marley & me")

This sentence it's an example of zero conditional because use the simple simple present in both clauses. This conditional talk about things which are always true (science facts and general truths). In this example the "if clause" talks about the condition and the "result clause" talks about what happens if the condition occurs. 

Units examples by Amanda

Unit 13 - Adjective Clauses With Subject Relative Pronouns

"Looking for the rush that makes us feel alive."

In this sentence, the subject “that” is putting togheter two phrases (Looking for the rush and makes us feel alive), and substituting “rush” in the second part.
“The rush” is the noun that is being substituted in the relative clause, “that” is subject, “makes us feel alive” is the Adj. Clause.

Unit 15 - Modals

"You can do magic"

Modals are auxiliary verbs. They can express advice, possibilities... In this example, Can is the modal, and it's expressing present ability.

Unit 16 - Advisability in The Past

"I should have gone to Paris."

Should is a modal, and in this case is meaning "Regrets", because next to "should" there are have + verb (past participle). "SHOULD HAVE" REPRESENTS  actions that were good ideas in the past, but didn't happen.

Unit 17 - Speculation and Conclusions About the Past

"Jonny may might have left with George."

We use may have, might have or could have to express possibilities or speculation about something that happened in the past.  In this case, the person doesn't know if Jonny left with George, so it's a speculation.

Unit 18 - The Passive

"The TV was fixed by him"

Passive voice, the SUBJECT sufferS the action. In this case, the TV is the SUBJECT and it was fixed by someone, so the TV suffered the action.

"I( HE) fixed the TV"

In the Active voice  the person or thing(THE SUBJECT) dOES the action. In this case, "I" did the action, "I fixed".

Unit 20 - The  Passive Causative

"The grass was cut by Joanne" NO! I HAD THE GRASS CUT ( SUBJECT + HAVE + OBJECT+ V PP  eg: I WILL HAVE MY HAIR CUT/ SHE HAS HAD HER BIKE FIXED

We use Passive Causative to talk about something that someone did for us in the past. In this example, Joanne cut the grass FOR me, she did someting  FOR me.

Unit 21 - Present Real Conditionals

"When Sara goes to the mall, she drives her brother's car"

We use Present Real Conditional to express habits, something that happens often. In this case, everytime that Sara goes to the mall, she uses her brother's car.

Unit 22 - Future Real Conditionals 

"If  he pratice a lot, he will win the game"

It uses Future Real Conditional to express something that can  happen under certain conditionS. In this example, if the boys pratice more, probably he will win the game. 

Unit 23 - Present Unreal Conditional

"I wish I could fly"

Present Unreal Conditional, is a conditon that isn't real, impossible IN THE PRESENT , and their results too. In this case, I wished do something that it's impossible. 

#10 - Unit 25 Direct and Indirect Speech

These kinds of sentences are used when someone need report with another person has said in the past.

Direct Speech - uses quotations to repeat exactly what someone said.

For exemplo: Lula said, "Dilma was my worst mistake"

Indirect Speech - Lula said that Dilma had been his worst mistake.

To change from DS to IS it is nECESSARY TO change verb tense and another key words.

Verbs from:
 simple presente to simple past
simple past to past perfect
present perfect to past perfect
past perfect does not change

Subject to Pronoun

Change time words (important to verify to rewrite in correct time), for exemplo
DS - CHANGE "TODAY" to that day (when the speech occured), etc.

Modals
will to would
can to could
may to might
must to had to

And words that meaning (not clear) a unnamed place:
here / this change to there / that

# 9 - Unit 24 Past Unreal Conditionals

This sentences are used to talk about past unreal conditionals and unreal results.

UNREAL PAST

Format: if clause (simple past) + result clause (modal: would, could ou might + verb base form)

For exemplo: If I had woken up earlier today, I could go runNING on the beach.

The idea is that I didn´t wake up earlier, so, I didn`t go run

# 8 - Unit 23 Present and Future Unreal Conditionals

This sentences are used to describe unreal results that could occur under unreal situations.

Format: if clause (simple past) + result clause (modal: would, could ou might + verb base form)

For exemplo: If I had woken up earlier today, I could go run on the beach.
                     
                         I dind't wake up early , .......

The idea is that I didn´t wake up earlier, so, I didn`t go run

YOU ARE DESCRIBING THE SAME SITUATION OF THE UNREAL PAST

THE UNREAL PRESENT:  IF I WOKE UP EARLY , I WOULD GO RUNNING ON THE BEACH

                                                      I don't wake up early.....

# 7 - Unit 22 Future Real Conditionals

This kind of sentences are used to talk about things that will happen if certain conditions IN THE PRESENT  occurs.

Formed by a "If clause" and a "result clause".

For exemplo: "I will go to Praia do Forte if it does not rain next sunday"

Or, "If it does not rain next sunday, I will go to Praia do Forte with my family"

If clause in simple presente and result clause in future.

Direct and Indirect Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech and appears within quotation marks ("...") and shoud be REPEATED  word BY word.

Indirect speech or reported speech, doesn't use quotation marks and it doesn't have to be word BY word.

As a rule when you report something someone has said, the tense usually changes.

She said, " I'm tired ".
She said that she was tired.

Past Unreal Conditionals

If I had seen more TV series, I would have learned english better.

The past unreal conditionals is used to talk about imaginary (UNREAL) situations in the past.

We use If ... past perfect, ...would have + past participle.

Present and Future Unreal Conditionals

If I had more time, I would like to learn french and italian.

Present  unreal conditionals, is used to talk about UNREAL  situations in the future ( PRESENT).

Use simple past in the if clause and would, might or could + base form of the verb in the result clause.

Future Real Conditionals

If I drink less coffee, I will heal MY gastritis.

The future real conditionals describes something that might happen in the future with a condition.
It often uses "if".

Use the simple present in the if clause and the future with will or be going to in the result clause. 

Present Real Conditionals

If I'm hungry, I GET ANGRY  loose   (the mood)


The present real conditionals is used to talk about what you normaly do in real life situations.
We use the simple present in the if clause and in the result clause.

Passive Causative Verbs

I have my car washed by my husband every week.

Subject + have + Object + past participle

We use this structure to talk about having something done by another person/thing, specially a service of some type.

Passive Voice

This exercise  will have been completed before the deadline.
                                    BE ( it's not necessary to use the future perfect in this sentence)

Subject + to be + past participle

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, who or what is performing the action.

Advisability in the past

I should have lived in England for  AT least six months to learn english better.

I didn't live in England and now I don't know english very well as I would like.

We use past modals should have to say that a different action was recommended in the past.
                                                                             YOU REGRET!

Modals

You should brush your teeth at least three times a day.

The modal should give more emphasis to the verb. In this case an advice.

1.0. Speculations and Conclusions About the Past (Unit - 17)

1.1. Examples- The Continental factory May not have Sold many Tires.

1.2. Explanations - Use Must have and had to have when you are almost Certain about your conclusions.

2.0. The passive : Overview (Unit - 18)

2.1. Examples - The Continental Factory was opened in June 2006.

2.2. Explanations - I Don´t know who opened it.

2.3. Explanations - When the agent (the person or thing doing the action) is unknown or not important.


3.0. The passive with modals and similar expressions (Unit - 19)

3.1. Examples- The new machine will be installed in 2 years  OR the new machine is going to be installed in 2 years.

3.2. Explanations - Use Will or be going to with the passive to talk about the future.


4.0. The passive causative (Unit - 20)

4.1. Examples- I have my hair cut by Antônio every Month.

4.2. Explanations - Form the passive causative with the appropriate form of have or Get + Object + Past Participle.  Have and Get have the same meaning.

4.3. Examples- This week my wife is getting her hair done by a famous stylist.

4.4. Explanations - Use by when it is necessary to mention the agent (the person doing the service).


5.0. Present real conditionals (Unit - 21)

5.1. Examples-  IF It´s a gold bracelet, this jewel is expensive.

5.2. Explanations - Use present real conditional sentences for general Truths.

5.3. Explanations - The if clause talks about the condition, and the result clause talks about what happens if the conditions occurs.

6.0. Future real conditionals (Unit - 22)

6.1. Examples-  If I have time during the week, I´ll  help my children with their homework.

6.2. Explanations - Use future real conditional sentences to talk about what will happen under certain conditions. The if clause gives the condition. The result clause gives the probable or certain result.

7.0. Adjetive Clauses with subject relative pronouns (Unit - 13)

7.1. Examples-  My favorite relative who lives in Atlanta calls me often.

7.2. Explanations - The adjetive clause is necessary to identify the relative. Use an identifying clause to identify which member of a group the sentence talks about. Do not use commas with this kind of adjective clause(adj clause non identifying).


8.0. Adjetive Clauses with object relative pronouns (Unit - 14)

8.1. Examples -  I read a book  which he wrote.

8.2. Explanations - Use wich or that to refer to things, you can leave out the realative pronoun. When if is not the subject.


9.0. Modals and similar expressions  (Unit - 15)

9.1. Examples -  You´d Better stop eating so much sweet or your body an heath will suffer.

9.2. Explanations - Use had better for urgent advice, when you believe that something bad will happen if the person does not follow the advice.

10.0. Advisability in the past (Unit - 16)

10.1. Examples -  I shouldn´t have missed the english exame. (Express Regreat)

10.2. Explanations - should not have and ought not have are the only forms used in negative statements about advisability in the past. Should not have is more common.

Adjective Clauses with Object Relative Pronouns or When and Where

Bahia is the city where I chose to live.

The pronoun relative where is the object of the adjective clause.

In this sentence where is giving more information about Bahia that had been mentioned before.

      IN FACT IT IS SUBBING FOR BAHIA

# 6 - Unit 21 Present Real Conditionals

Use Present real conditional for general truth or habits. It´s possible to use modals.

Overall there are two clauses, one beginning with "if" or "when", and another that try explain whats happen IF something occurs.

"When I am driving, normally, I listen musics or news on radio."

# 5 Unit 20 Passive Causative

When the subject receives the action, it's made by another (agent) in the past

I had my hair cut (in the past) in the barbershop, he offered a fashion haircut but it´s too short for me.

EXPRESS AN IDEA OF HAVING SOMEONE DOING SOMETHING FOR YOU

SUBJECT +HAVE+OBJECT+ V PP

# 4 - Unit 16 Advisability in the Past

Advisability is the quality of being advisable or sensible; wisdom.

I should have made this blog last month, It could be easier at that time.


REDO IT!

# 3 - Unit 15 Modals ans Similar Expressions

Modals are auxiliary verbs that could express social functions ou logical possibilities.

Afirmative
100% certain to 0% certain
must - have (or got) to - may - might, could

Negative
can´t, couldn´t - must not - may not - might not

I could buy that car but I have no( DON'T HAVE ) money enough

#2 - Unit 14 Adjective Clauses with Object Relative Pronouns or when and where

Milan Kundera is a writer whose books I like a lot, especially UNBEARABLE LIGHTNESS OF BEING.

Two clause conected by relatives pronouns: ex. who, whom, whose, which, that, when and where.

MAKE IT BETTER!

# 1 - Unit 13 - Adjective clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns By Gilvan Batista

First off all, we must need talk about relative pronouns, and how we use who, whom, whose, that, or which.

These relative pronouns are used after a noun, just to make clear which person or thing we are talking about. To emphasize that the more important in the context is the noun and his importance.

For example: Leonardo DiCaprio, who did not won an Oscar 7 times before, he won this year with "The Revenant".

The part of the phrase that has the information about the person or the thing is a ‘relative clause’, it initiate by a relative pronoun.

How to use relative pronouns:

Who (people) – Fabio, who loves pets, has a handsome black dog.

Whom (people, very formal) - Milan Kundera is the writer whom I like a lot.

Whose (possession) – The Film whose actor I like to see in action movies

Which (places or things) - This is the house which the pool is huge

That (subst. who or which, less formality) - This is the house that my family dreamed about.